Rename logical and physical names of database files in SQL Server

To find the current logical and physical database file names:
USE Database_name
EXEC sp_helpfile
or
USE master
GO
SELECT
name AS [Logical_name],
physical_name AS [File_Path],
type_desc AS [File_Type],
state_desc AS [State]
FROM sys.master_files
WHERE database_id = DB_ID(N'Database_name')
GO
To rename the Logical names of database files:

ALTER DATABASE [Database_name] MODIFY FILE (NAME=N'Logical_file_name', NEWNAME=N'Logical_file_name_new')
GO
ALTER DATABASE [Database_name] MODIFY FILE (NAME=N'Logical_file_name_log', NEWNAME=N'Logical_file_name_log_new')
GO
Or using SQL Server Management Studio:
Right-click Database -> Click Properties -> Click Files
Rename Logical Names and click OK:

To rename the physical names of database files:
put the database in single user mode, detach the database, then rename the physical files:
ALTER DATABASE Database_name SET SINGLE_USER WITH ROLLBACK IMMEDIATE;
GO
USE [master]
GO
EXEC master.dbo.sp_detach_db @dbname = N'Database_name'
GO
Rename the physical files.
After you renamed the physical files, attach the database, using this script:
USE [master]
GO
CREATE DATABASE Database_name ON
( FILENAME = N'D:\DATA\Database_file_name.mdf' ),
( FILENAME = N'D:\DATA\Database_file_name_log.ldf' )
FOR ATTACH
GO
Put database in multi user mode again:
ALTER DATABASE Database_name SET MULTI_USER
GO
Or using SQL Server Management Studio:
Right-click Database -> Click Tasks -> Click Detach…
Rename the physical files.
After you renamed the physical files, attach the database:
Right-click Database -> Click Tasks -> Click Attach…